THE JOURNEY

Sunday, 3 January 2016

3.6 Pilot Test

A pilot test is a method used to test the instrument to carrying out the research. The number of respondent for pilot test can started as low as 5 until 20 because the purpose is not to collect data but to refine the process. In other words, pilot test is used to identify and eliminate problems, allowing researcher to make corrective changes or adjustment before actually collecting data from the target population. It also to find out whether the questionnaire which already being developed was reliable and valid or not. In order to know the validity of the questionnaire, reliability test using Cronbach’s Alpha.

Reliability testing was done with the purpose of checking for both consistency and stability whether the data obtained from survey is reliable for the research or not. According to (Sekaran ,2003), Cronbach’s Alpha reliability coefficient that indicated how well the items in a set positively correlated to one another. The researcher had conducted a Pilot test to find out the Cronbach’s Alpha for the questionnaire designs. Based on the pilot study that the researchers have conduct, whereby 20 questionnaires has been distributed to the respondents.

3.6.1 Reliability Test

3.6.1 Reliability Statistic for Independent Variable (Transformational leadership)

Cronbach's Alpha	N of Items
.821	20

Table 4.3.1 Cronbach’s Alpha Value for Transformational leadership

Based on the table 4.3.1, it shows that the reliability for all questions in transformational leadership is 0.821. Thus, the reliability measures for this part are very good. Respondents understand what the question asks.

3.6.2 Reliability Statistic for Independent Variable (Religious)

Cronbach's Alpha	N of Items
.613	16

Table 4.3.2 Cronbach’s Alpha Value for Transactional leadership

According to the table 4.3.2, it shows that the reliability for which are Transactional leadership is 0.61. Thus, the reliability measures for this part are acceptable. Respondents accept the question and they can answer it.

3.6.3 Reliability Statistic for (Outcome of leadership)

Cronbach's Alpha	N of Items
.812	9

Table 4.3.3 Cronbach’s Alpha Value for Outcomes

Based on the table 4.3.3, it shows that the reliability for all questions which are outcomes of leadership is 0.812. Thus, the reliability measures for this part are very good. Respondent agree with this statement.

Friday, 1 January 2016

3.5 Data Analysis

The data will be extracted from the questionnaires and will be analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 20.0 version).

3.5.1 Empirical Analysis

Through empirical analysis, it is a way of gaining the knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation which can be analysed quantitatively or qualitatively. The analysis of the research data will include Reliability Statistics Analysis, Descriptive Analysis, Pearson Correlation Analysis, and Regression Analysis.

3.5.1.1 Reliability Statistics Analysis.

Reliability is an indication of the stability and consistency with the instrument measures the concept and helps to assess the free error of a measure (Sekaran & Bougie 2010). Reliability of the measures was tested using Cronbach‟s Alpha. It is reliability coefficient that investigates how the variables are positively correlated with other variables. According to Sekaran & Bougie (2010), reliability test was applied to ensure consistency in measurement across time and various items in the instrument. The closer the Cronbach‟s Alpha is to 1, the higher the internal consistency reliability (Sekaran & Bougie, 2010). Reliability less than 0.60 are considered to be poor, those between 0.60 and 0.70 range is considered as acceptable and those over 0.80 is good.

3.5.1.2 Descriptive Analysis.

This analysis functions as a medium to summarize the demographic data at the first part of the questionnaire. The data that is measures are includes showing the frequencies and percentage for all demographic background which consists age, gender, education level, tenure of service, and working department.

3.5.1.3 Pearson Correlation Analysis.

A Pearson Correlation will analyse the strength and significant relationship of all variables that were measured and is symbolise by ‘r’ value. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient ( r ) is measure the strength of the relations between the two variables and it should not be calculated if the outcomes not linear. Furthermore, if the value is more than 0 indicates that there is a positive relations between two variables. In addition, if the value indicates less than 0, it shows that there is a negative relation between two variables.

3.5.1.4 Multiple Regression Analysis.

This study used multiple regression analysis which includes one dependent variable (Communication) and two independent variables (Motivation, and Understandings). This analysis was used to determine which factors are significant. The relationship between the three independent variables and dependent variable can be observe when the p value is smaller than 0.01 (p < 0.01) and the value of R square was used to measure the percentage of independent variables that affect dependent variables.

3.4 Questionnaire Design

The questionnaires were adapted from other researchers that have conducted a depth research on the leadership style. This questionnaire consists of 45 items that have been adapted from past researches. Question 1 until 36 will measure leadership style and 37 to 45 measure their organizational effectiveness outcomes(Benard M. Bass and Bruce J. Avolio, 1995)

3.4.1 Section A

Section A of the survey covers the demographic information that includes age, gender, education level and tenure of service. This section will help the researcher to identify the profile of the respondents as related to the research conducted.

3.4.2 Section B

These sections consist of question for leadership styles will be measured by 45 items. Each questionnaire has their characteristic:

Behaviour	Num of questions
Idealized influence (attributed)	10, 18, 21, 25
Idealized influence (bahavior)	6, 14, 23, 34
Inspirational motivation	9, 13, 26, 36
Intellectual stimulation	2, 8,30, 32
Individualized consideration	15, 19, 29, 31
Contingent reward	1, 11, 16, 35
Management by exception- active	4, 22, 24,27
Management by exception- passive	3, 12, 17, 20
Laissez Faire Leadership	5, 7, 28, 33
Extra effort (outcomes)	39, 42, 44
Effectiveness (outcomes)	37, 40, 43, 45
Satisfaction (outcomes)	38, 41

Then researcher will calculate their score. So they will know which teacher use transformational or transactional leadership.

3.4.3 Type of Scales

The scales that are used in the survey are the nominal scale and interval scale. The nominal scale is used in order to assign the respondents in certain categories such as gender, age, and tenure service. The items have been measured using five point of likert scale from 1 to 5 as illustrated in the Table 3.2 below.

Table 3.2 Likert Scale

0	1	2	3	4
Not at all	Once in a while	Sometimes	Fairly often	Frequently

3.3 Data Collection

The elements of the data collection include the sources of data, questionnaire design operationalization of variables and type of scale.

3.3.1 Sources of Data

In order to conduct the study, the data have been retrieved from two main sources which are primary data and secondary data.

3.3.1.1 Primary Data

Primary data is the information obtained first hand by the researcher. It is the most reliable data that the researcher received directly from the respondent. The information is being extract from the data received. Besides, questionnaires that have been distributed to the respondents also were considered as one of the primary data sources.

3.3.1.2 Secondary Data

The secondary data used in completing this research included those from external

sources such as books as well as articles and journals that have been retrieved from the internet.

3.2 SAMPLING DESIGN

The elements of the sampling design include the target population, sampling technique and sample size.

3.2.1 Target Population

The target population of this study comprises of teachers who work in the SMK Tun Perak, Muar. They are chosen because, case study focus on the teachers in that schools..

3.2.2 Sampling Technique

For the sampling technique, this research used the simple random sampling. In this study, teacher will be pickup randomly to answer the questionnaire based on the class that they teach. The questionnaires will be personally distributed to the teachers who are working in SMK Tun Perak, Muar.

3.2.3 Sample Size

Currently, there are 250 of teacher in SMK Tun Perak, Muar who are working in that school. According to Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table of sample, the appropriate size would be 148. The sample size also satisfied with the rules of thumbs by Roscoe (1975) which said that the sample sizes which are larger than 30 and less than 500 are suitable and seems to be appropriate for most of the research.

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is a step by step plan that guides data collection and analysis. In this study, there are six basis aspects of research design, including the purpose of the study, the types of investigation, the study settings, and the extent of researcher interference, the unit of analysis and the time horizon of the study.

3.1.1 Purpose of Study

In this research, the descriptive study is undertaken in order to ascertain and be able to describe the characteristic of the variable of interest in a situation. A deep investigation was pursued to study the relationship between leadership styles and student achievements at SMK Tun Perak,Muar.

3.1.2 Type of Investigation

The type of the investigation in this study is basically correlational study. It had been chosen because this type of investigation could identify the most influent leadership style that can give impact to students achievements.

3.1.3 Study Settings

The study setting is non-contrived which it is done naturally. There were no restrictions and the participants were not answering the questionnaires under any conditions while conducting this research.

3.1.4 Extent of Researcher Interference

The extent of researcher interference in this study is minimal. The data is being collected through a survey. The researcher does not interfered with the normal activities in the school as the questionnaires will be answered by the teachers during their free time.

3.1.5 Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis is individuals. The study aims to identify relationship leadership style and student achievements. In order to get the data, the questionnaires must be answered and collected from each individual of teachers in SMK Tun Perak and results from PT3.

3.1.6 Time Horizon

The time horizon in this study is cross-sectional studies which the data are being collected only once over a period of time in order to answer research question. Basically, the questionnaires will be distributed to the teachers in SMK Tun Perak, Muar only once.