2.3 Leadership styles (Independent  Variables)

There is numerous definition of teacher leadership than have been written and cited in most of the journal. The issues pertaining leadership style in scholl has been debated by various scholar. Leadership models was the ideal to implement in school environment. Leadership style is depends on the individual itself. Each character has its own style, so leadership style can be describe as “the kind of behavior and abilities which the manager has and which enables him to interact with the employee to achieve the goals” (Hesham, 2010, p. 39). Then, “leadership style is determined by deep seated values and belief about how people learn” (Goldman,1998, p.21). he also stated that leader may call their leadership style in whatever words such as transformational, transactional, situational and top down.

So there are many different of leadership style but recent study has strongly put their effort in two types of leadership which are transformational and transactional leadership style. According to Joseph Rost, he defined leadership as a not the work of a single person, rather it can be explained and defined as a collaborative endeavor among group members, therefore the essence of leadership is not the leader, but the relationship, (Rost, 1991). The Situational Leadership Model suggests that the leader's behavior needs to be different in order to meet the needs of the followers (Hersey & Blanchard, 1977). Furthermore, leadership also been defined as steps, procedure or process that direct and guide the behavior of people in their work environment (Nelson, 2006). Pearce & Conger (2003) defined leadership as a systematic process that has a specific pattern of hierarchy as top down, meaning it begin from the highest authority(leader) to the least authority (followers) in accordance to the organization‘s preferences.

Previous research has indicated that the team leaders engage in variety of attitude at facilitating team functioning and performance (Morgeson, DeReues and Karam, 2010). Style of leaderships intends to transform followers by a process such as leaders attitude, beliefs, assumption and motivation (Czernkowski & Gibson, 2003). Leadership style also the manner and approach by providing direction, motivating people and achieve the goals. It also a behavioral models used by leaders when working with others (Fertman & Lidden, 1999). The full range of leadership style has been developed more than twenty five years and has been use most of the researcher and labarotary research such as Belgium, Canada, Germany, Israel, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore (Bass and Avolio,2004). Based in the table above that have been adopted Yukl, 1999 definition of leadership style: