2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Leadership

Leadership is important in one management. There are various of definition leadership that have been describing in the literature. Leadership is build relationship in an official or unofficial capacity and motivating others finish up their work, learn and process (Burns,1978: Depree, 1989: Gardner,1990).   Leadership as the process of influencing groups to achieve goals, while a leader is someone who can influence others (Cole, 2006; Robbin and Coulter, 2007; Weihrich et al, 2008).  According to Kotter, 1990, leadership means a process that directs and organizes individuals. Bennis (1989) also wrote on his research said that “leadership is like beauty” (p. 123) which means hard to define but you understand when you see it.

Then, there are two aspect of leadership which are the art of leadership which involve (vision, modelling, renewal, judgement, power and trust) and the science of leadership which involve (team building, communication, decision making, conflict management, and planning and resource allocation). Leadership also consist four concept which are bartering, building, bonding and banking. Bartering means the initiatives to get started, building and bonding allow for the support and inspiration needed improvement and banking insure a routinization of improvement efforts (Sergiovanni,1990). In terms of leadership vision are considered which create purpose that binds teacher to reach the goals (Leithwood and Riehl, 2003).

 Earliest studies of leadership, Galton’s (1869) emphasized a basic concept that informed popular ideas about leadership (Zaccaro, 2007). This conception of leadership, known as the great man theory (Glynn & DeJordy, 2010).  Leadership is important in school not for principal but to all teachers. They also a leader when they with their students. Most of teachers nowadays lack of skill in terms of leadership, they do not how to be a leader in class. Successful leader are able to create a shared vision and build a sense of commitment among staff, students and parents (Peterson, 2002). They just come and teach at the class. Teacher also being a facilitator within the school and can be the important element in spreading and strengthen to improve the school academic. Teacher also must use variety of informal and formal channel to exert the leadership (The Center for Comprehensive School Reform and Improvement, 2005).